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LiMON Technology

LiMON Technology

Limon technology

LiMON Technology

Non-invasive monitoring of liver function or splanchnic perfusion

Questions? Ask us about LiMON Technology

Overview

LiMON is the technology for non-invasive measurement of liver function and splanchnic perfusion monitoring, based on elimination of Indocyanine Green (ICG). ICG is a fluorescent dye. It is intended for intravenous injection. The absorption and emission spectrum of ICG are both in the near infrared and infrared range. For this reason it can be detected and quantified by optical procedures. 

Measurement can be performed non-invasively through the skin. Due to the fact that ICG is eliminated in the liver exclusively, the detection rate is a valuable indicator for global liver function. The diagnostic importance of the ICG detection as an indicator for the liver function has been confirmed in numerous scientific publications and has been established for more than 30 years.

Advantages

  • Early detection of liver dysfunction
  • Reflects actual liver function
  • Non-invasive measurement
  • Available at the bedside

Intensive Care

  • LiMON® immediately detects liver hypoperfusion
  • Superior in predicting the survival probability1
  • PDRICG of less than 16%/min requires intervention2
  • Optimised fluid therapy by LiMON® in combination with PiCCO3
  • Serves as an indicator of regional perfusion

Liver Transplantation

  • Peri-operative evaluation of graft quality and function to reduce the probability of need for re-transplantation4
  • Provides a reliable indicator of graft outcome early after surgery5
  • Helps to identify complications prematurely6

Liver Resection

  • LiMON® provides decisive parameters in pre-operative risk assessment
  • A low PDRICG excludes patients from major resection7
  • Early identification of post-operative liver dysfunction
  • Predictive power significantly higher than conventional markers7

Cardiac Surgery

  • Pre-, peri- and early postoperative measurements of PDRICG can serve as a predictor of prolonged ICU treatment8
  • Goal-directed strategies aimed at improving the PDRICG can be considered in at risk cardiac surgical patients to improve outcome8

Hepatology

  • Valuable tool for the evaluation of prognosis in liver cirrhosis1
  • Enables prediction of survival in intermediate advanced liver disease1
  • Estimation of functional liver cell mass

Reusables

LiMON Module and Sensor

LiMON Module

  • Plasma Disappearance Rate of Indocyanine Green (PDR/ICG)
  • Continuous SpO2* Measurement
  • Non-invasive
  • Easy application
  • Reusable

LiMON Sensor: Re-useable finger sensor

  • Non-invasive liver function Monitoring
  • Continuous SpO2* Monitoring

Consumables: Indocyanine Green

*This parameter will not be available on the PulsioFlex monitor from software version 5.0

Methodology

The LiMON measurement is based on the elimination of the diagnostic drug indocyanine green (ICG). ICG is injected into a vein, binds immediately and completely to plasma proteins and is exclusively eliminated from the blood by the liver. This elimination is quite fast with a half life time of 3.5 to 4 minutes.

References

Reviews

Sakka SG. 
Assessing Liver Function 
Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13(2):207-14

Bauer M, Winning J, Kortgen A 
Liver Failure 
Curr Opin Anaest 2005; 18:111-6

Sakka SG, Meier-Hellmann A 
Non-invasive liver function monitoring by indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients 
Int J Intensive Care 2002; 9(2):66-72

Literature

Intensive Care

  • Inal MT, Memis D, Kargi M, Sut N.
    Prognostic value of indocyanine green elimination assessed with LiMON in septic patients
    J Crit Care 2009; 24(3): 329-34

Liver Transplantation

  • Olmedilla L, Perez-Pena JM, Ripoll C, Garutti I, de Diego R, Salcedo M, Jimenez C, Banares R.
    Early noninvasive measurement of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate accurately predicts early graft dysfunction and mortality after deceased donor liver transplantation
    Liver Transpl 2009; 15(10): 1247-53

Liver Resection

  • Scheingraber S, Richter Sn Igna D, Flesch S, Kopp B, Schilling MK.
    Indocyanine green disappearance rate is the most useful marker for liver resection
    Hepatogastroenterology 2008; 55(85): 1394-9

Validation

Purcell P, Kruger P, Jones M  
Indocyanine green elimination: a comparison of the LiMON and serial blood sampling methods  
ANZ J Surg 2006; 76: 75-7 

Sakka SG, van Hout N  
Relation between indocyanine green (ICG) plasma disappearance rate and ICG blood clearance in critically ill patients.  
Intensive Care Med 2006; 32(5):766-9 

Sakka SG, Koeck H, Meier-Hellmann A  
Measurement of indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate by two different dosages  
Intensive Care Med 2004; 30(3):506-9 

Faybik P, Krenn CG, Baker A, Lahner D, Berlakovich G, Steltzer H, Hetz H  
Comparison of invasive and noninvasive measurement of plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a prospective investigator-blinded study  
Liver Transpl 2004; 10(8):1060-4 

Sakka, SG, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A  
Comparison of invasive and noninvasive measurements of indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation and stable hemodynamics 
Intensive Care Med 2000; 26(10): 1553-6 

Indocyanine Green 

Leevy CM, Leevy CB, Howard MM  
Indocyanine green and the liver  
In: Davidson CS (Ed.), Problems in Liver Diseases, 1979, Georg Thieme Publishers Stuttgart-New York; 42-52 

Paumgartner G, Probst P, Kraines R, Leevy CM  
Kinetics of Indocyanine green removal from the blood  
NY Acad Sci 1970; 170:134-47 

Clinical Application

Cardiac Surgery

Weis F, Kilger E, Beiras-Fernandez A, Hinske CL, Nassau K, Adnan L, Vicol C, Kur F, Mohnle P
Indocyanine green clearance as an outcome prediction tool in cardiac surgery: A prospective study
J Crit Care 2013; epub

Sander M, Spies CD, Berger K, Schroder T, Grubitzsch H, Wernecke KD, von Heymann C
Perioperative indocyanine green clearance is predictive for prolonged intensive care unit stay after coronary artery bypass grafting - an observational study
Crit Care 2009; 13(5): R149

Sander M, Spies CD, Foer A, Syn DY, Grubitzsch H, Von Heymann C
Peri-operative plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green after coronary artery bypass surgery
Cardiovasc J Afr 2007;18(6): 375-9

Sakka S, Hofmann D, Thuemer O, Schelenz C, Van Hout N
Increasing cardiac output by epinephrine after cardiac surgery: effects on indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate and splanchnic microcirculation
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2007; 21(3):351-6

Hofmann D, Thuemer O, Schelenz C, van Hout N, Sakka SG
Increasing cardiac output by fluid loading: effects on indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate and splanchnic microcirculation
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1280-6

Sepsis and Septic Shock

Hernandez G, Bruhn A, Luengo C, Regueira T, Kattan E, Fuentealba A, Florez J, Castro R, Aquevedo A,Pairumani R, McNab P, Ince C
Effects of dobutamine on systemic, regional and microcirculatory perfusion parameters in septic shock: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study
Intensive Care Med 2013; 39(8): 1435-43

Hernandez G, Regueira T, Bruhn A, Castro R, Rovegno M, Fuentealba A, Veas E, Berrutti D, Kattan E, Martin C, Ince C
Relationship of systemic, hepatosplanchnic, and microcirculatory perfusion parameters with 6-hour lactate clearance in hyperdynamic septic shock patients: an acute, clinical-physiological, pilot study.
Ann Intensive Care 2012; 2(1): 44

Memis D, Inal MT, Sut N
The effects of levosimendan vs dobutamine added to dopamine on liver functions assessed with noninvasive liver function monitoring in patients with septic shock
J Crit Care 2012;27(3): 318.e1-6

Inal MT, Memis D, Kargi M, Sut N
Prognostic value of indocyanine green elimination assessed with LiMON in septic patients
J Crit Care 2009; 24(3): 329-34

Kortgen A, Paxian M, Werth M, Recknagel P, Rauchfu F, Lupp A, Krenn CG, Muller D, Claus RA, Reinhart K, Settmacher U, Bauer M
Prospective assessment of hepatic function and mechanisms of dysfunction in the critically ill
Shock 2009; 32(4): 358-65

Poeze M, Solberg BC, Greve JW, Ramsay G
Monitoring global volume-related hemodynamic or regional variables after initial resuscitation: What is a better predictor of outcome in critically ill septic patients?
Crit Care Med 2005; 33(11):2494-2500

Sakka SG, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A
Prognostic value of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients
Chest 2002; 122(5):1715-20

Surgical

Eryilmaz HB, Memis D, Sezer A, Inal M
The Effects of Different Insufflation Pressures on Liver Functions Assessed with LiMON on Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Scientific World Journal 2012: 172575

Sakka SG
Indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate as an indicator of hepato-splanchnic ischemia during abdominal compartment syndrome
Anesth Analg 2007; 104(4):1003-4

Poeze M, Ramsay G, Buuman WA, Greve JW, Dentener M, Takala J
Increased hepatosplanchnic inflammation precedes the development of organ dysfunction after elective high-risk surgery
Shock 2002; 17:451-8

Medical

Quintero J, Miserachs M, Ortega J, Bueno J, Dopazo C, Bilbao I, Castells L, Charco R
Indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate: a new tool for the classification of paediatric patients with acute liver failure
Liver Int 2013; epub

Ameloot K, Meersseman P, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Gerits A, Spriet I, Wauters J
The influence of continuous venovenous renal replacement therapy on the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green
Intensive Care Med 2013; 39(12): 2231-2232

Malbrain ML, Viaene D, Kortgen A, De Laet I, Dits H, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Bauer, M
Relationship between intra-abdominal pressure and indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate: hepatic perfusion may be impaired in critically ill patients with intra-abdominal hypertension
Ann Intensive Care 2012; 2 Suppl 1: S19

Steinvall I, Fredrikson M, Bak Z, Sjoberg J
Incidence of early burn-induced effects on liver function as reflected by the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green: A prospective descriptive cohort study
Burns 2012; 38(2): 214-24

Inal MT, Memis D, Sezer YA, Atalay M, Karakoc A, Sut N
Effects of intra-abdominal pressure on liver function assessed with the LiMON in critically ill patients
Can J Surg 2011; 54(2): 42709.

Seibel A, Muller M, Sakka S
Indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate for monitoring hepatosplanchnic blood flow
Intensive Care Med 2011; 37(2): 357-9

Sakka SG, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A
Prognostic value of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients
Chest 2002; 122(5):1715-20

Liver Transplantation

Vos JJ, Scheeren TW, Lukes DJ, de Boer MT, Hendriks HG, Wietasch JK
Intraoperative ICG plasma disappearance rate helps to predict absence of early postoperative complications after orthotopic liver transplantation
J Clin Monit Comput 2013; 27(5): 591-8

Levesque E, Hoti E, Azoulay D, Adam R, Samuel D, Castaing D, Saliba F
Non-invasive ICG-clearance: a useful tool for the management of hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation
Clin Transplant 2011; 25(2): 297-301

Levesque E, Saliba F, Benhamida S, Ichai P, Azoulay D, Adam R, Castaing D, Samuel D
Plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green: a tool to evaluate early graft outcome after liver transplantation
Liver Transpl 2009; 15(10): 1358-64

Olmedilla L, Perez-Pena JM, Ripoll C, Garutti I, de Diego R, Salcedo M, Jimenez C, Banares R
Early noninvasive measurement of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate accurately predicts early graft dysfunction and mortality after deceased donor liver transplantation
Liver Transpl 2009; 15(10): 1247-53

Parker BM, Cywinski JB, Alster JM, Irefin SA, Popovich M, Beven M, Fung JJ
Predicting immunosuppressant dosing in the early postoperative period with noninvasive indocyanine green elimination following orthotopic liver transplantation
Liver Transpl 2008; 14(1): 46-52

Scheingraber S, Richter S, Igna D, Girndt M, Flesch S, Kleinschmidt S, Schilling MK
Indocyanine green elimination but not bilirubin indicates improvement of graft function during MARS therapy
Clin Transplant 2007; 21(6): p. 689-95

Hori T, Iida T, Yagi S, Taniguchi K, Yamamoto C, Mizuno S, Yamagiwa K, Isaji S, Uemoto S
K(ICG) value, a reliable real-time estimator of graft function, accurately predicts outcomes in adult living-donor liver transplantation
Liver Tranpl 2006; 12: 605-13

Faybik P, Krenn CG, Baker A, Lahner D, Berlakovich G, Steltzer H, Hetz H
Comparison of invasive and noninvasive measurement of plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a prospective investigator-blinded study
Liver Transpl 2004; 10(8):1060-4

von Spiegel T, Scholz M, Wietasch G, Hering R, Allen SJ, Wood P, Hoeft A
Perioperative monitoring of indocyanine green clearance and plasma disappearance rate in patients undergoing liver transplantation
Anaesthesist 2002; 51(5):359-66

Mandell MS, Wachs M, Niemann CU, Henthorn TK
Elimination of indocyanine green in the perioperative evaluation of donor liver function
Anesth Analg 2002; 95(5):1182-4

Niemann CU, Roberts JP, Ascher NL, Yost CS
Intraoperative hemodynamics and liver function in adult-to-adult living liver donors
Liver Transpl 2002; 8(12):1126-32

Krenn CG, Schafer B, Berlakovich GA, Steininger R, Steltzer H, Spiss CK
Detection of graft nonfunction after liver transplantation by assessment of indocyanine green kinetics
Anesth Analg 1998 Jul;87(1):34-6

Wesslau C, Krüger R, May G
Clinical investigations using indocyanine green clearance for evaluation of liver function in organ donors
Transplantology 1994; 5(1):7-9

Liver Surgery / Resection

Tralhao JG, Hoti E, Oliveiros B, Botelho MF, Sousa FC
Study of perioperative liver function by dynamic monitoring of ICG-clearance
Hepatogastroenterology 2012; 59(116): 1179-83

de Liguori Carino N, O'Reilly DA, Dajani K, Ghaneh P, Poston GJ, Wu AV
Perioperative use of the LiMON method of indocyanine green elimination measurement for the prediction and early detection of post-hepatectomy liver failure
Eur J Surg Oncol 2009; 35(9):957-62

Szijarto A, Hargitai B, Fischer S, Darvas K, Kupcsulik P
Two-staged procedure of portal ligation and hepatectomy monitored by ICG clearance
J Invest Surg 2009; 22(1): 63-8

Scheingraber S, Richter S, Igna D, Flesch S, Kopp B, Schilling MK
Indocyanine green disappearance rate is the most useful marker for liver resection
Hepatogastroenterology 2008; 55(85): 1394-9

Akita H, Sasaki Y, Yamada T, Gotoh K, Ohigashi H, Eguchi H, Yano M, Ishikawa O, Imaoka S
Real-Time Intraoperative Assessment of Residual Liver Functional Reserve Using Pulse Dye Densitometry.
World J Surg 2008; 32(21): 2668-74

Sato S, Miyake T, Mishiro T, Furuta K, Azumi T, Oshima N, Takahashi Y, Rumi MA, Ishihara S, Adachi K, Amano Y, Kinoshita Y
Kinetics of indocyanine green removal from blood can be used to predict the size of the area removed by radiofrequency ablation of hepatic nodules
J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1714-9

Imamura H, Sano K, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M
Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: decision tree incorporating indocyanine green test
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005; 12: 16-22

Lee SG, Hwang S
How I do it: assessment of hepatic functional reserve for indication of hepatic resection
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005; 12: 38-43

Imamura H, Seyama Y, Kokudo N, Maema A, Sugawara Y, Sano K, Takayama T, Makuuchi M
One thousand fifty-six hepatectomies without mortality in 8 years
Arch Surg 2003; 138: 1198-1206

Thasler WE, Bein T, Jauch KW
Perioperative effects of hepatic resection surgery on hemodynamics, pulmonary fluid balance, and indocyanine green clearance
Langenbecks Arch Surg 2002; 387: 271-5

Ishikawa M, Yogita S, Miyake H, Fukuda Y, Harada M, Wada D, Tashiro S
Clarification of risk factors for hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 1625-31

Eguchi H, Umeshita K, Sakon M, Nagano H, Ito Y, Kishimoto SI, Dono K, Nakamori S, Takeda T, Gotoh M, Wakasa K, Matsuura N, Monden M
Presence of active hepatitis associated with liver cirrhosis is a risk factor for mortality caused by posthepatectomy liver failure
Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 1383-8

Hsia CY, Lui WY, Chau GY, King KL, Loong CC, Wu CW
Perioperative safety and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with impaired liver function
J Am Coll Surg 2000; 190: 574-9

Hanazaki K, Kajikawa S, Shimozawa N, Mihara M, Shimada K, Hiraguri M, Koide N, Adachi W, Amano J
Survival and recurrence after hepatic resection of 386 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
J Am Coll Surg 2000; 191: 381-8

Hepatology / Gastroenterology

Zipprich A, Kuss O, Rogowski S, Kleber G, Lotterer E, Seufferlein T, Fleig WE, Dollinger MM
Incorporating indocyanin green clearance into the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD-ICG) improves prognostic accuracy in intermediate to advanced cirrhosis
Gut 2010; 59(7): 963-8

Merle U, Sieg O, Stremmel W, Encke J, Eisenbach C
Sensitivity and specificity of plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green as a prognostic indicator in acute liver failure
BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9: 91

Herold C, Heinz R, Radespiel-Tröger M, Schneider HT, Schuppan D, Hahn EG 
Quantitative testing of liver function in patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C to assess disease severity.
Liver. 2001; 21(1):26-30

Hypovelemic Shock

Kisch H, Leucht S, Lichtwarck-Aschoff M, Pfeiffer UJ
Accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement of actively circulating blood volume with an integrated fiberoptic monitoring system.
Crit Care Med. 1995; 23(5):885-93

Monitoring Therapeutic Effects
Drug Therapies
Septic Shock

Lehmann C, Taymoorian K, Wauer H, Krausch D, Birnbaum J, Kox WJ
Effects of the stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost on the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green in human septic shock
Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26(10):1557-60

Meier-Hellmann A, Bredle DL, Specht M, Hannemann L, Reinhart K
Dopexamine increases splanchnic blood flow but decreases gastric mucosal pH in severe septic patients treated with dobutamine
Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2166-71

Joly LM, Monchi M, Cariou A, Chiche JD, Bellenfant F, Brunet F, Dhainaut JF
Effects of dobutamine on gastric mucosal perfusion and hepatic metabolism in patients with septic shock
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999: 160; 1983-6

Liver Surgery / Dysfunction

Sheng QS, Lang R, He Q, Yang YJ, Zhao DF, Chen DZ
Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis.
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2009; 8(1): 46-9

Orii R, Sugawara Y, Hayashida M, Yamada Y, Chang K, Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Hanaoka K
Effects of amrinone on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in cirrhotic patients undergoing hepatectomy: a comparative study with prostaglandin E1.
Br J Anaesth. 2000; 85(3):389-95

Devlin J, Ellis AE, McPeake J, Heaton N, Wendon JA, Williams R
N-acetylcysteine improves indocyanine green extraction and oxygen transport during hepatic dysfunction.
Crit Care Med. 1997; 25(2):236-42

Adjuvant Therapies

Memis D, Inal MT, Sut N
The effects of levosimendan vs dobutamine added to dopamine on liver functions assessed with noninvasive liver function monitoring in patients with septic shock
J Crit Care 2012; 27(3): 318.e1-6

Abraldes J, Albillos A, Banares R, Turnes J, Gonzalez R, Garcia-Pagan J, Bosch J
Simvastatin Lowers Portal Pressure in Patients with Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension: a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Gastroenterology 2009; 136(5): 1651-8

Link A, Girndt M, Selejan S, Mathes A, Bohm M, Rensing H
Argatroban for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy.

Tüm referanslar

  1. Zipprich A. et al., Incorporating indocyanin green clearance into the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD-ICG) improves prognostic accuracy in intermediate to advanced cirrhosis. Gut 2010, 59(7): 963-968.

  2. Sakka S. G. et al., Prognostic value of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients. Chest 2002, 122(5): 1715-1720.

  3. Sakka S. G. et al., Non-invasive liver function monitoring by indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients. Int J Intensive Care 2002, 9(2):66-72.

  4. Mandel M. S. et al., Elimination of indocyanine green in the perioperative evaluation of donor liver function. Anesth Analg 2002, 95(5): 1182-1184.

  5. Tsubono T. et al., Indocyanine green elimination test in orthotopic liver recipients. Hepatology 1996, 24(5): 1165-1171.

  6. Levesque E. et al., Plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green: a tool to evaluate early graft outcome after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009, 15(10):1358-1364.

  7. Scheingraber S. et al., Indocyanine green disappearance rate is the most useful marker for liver resection. Hepatogastroenterology 2008, 55(85): 1394-1399.

  8. Sander M. et al., Perioperative indocyanine green clearance is predictive for prolonged intensive care unit stay after coronary artery bypass grafting - an observational study. Crit Care 2009, 13(5): R149.

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